Biko was born on 18 December 1946 in King Williams Town. He was the youngest of three children. His father was a government-employed clerk and his mother a domestic worker. Biko’s father died when he was four years old.
Biko had shown a keen interest in anti-apartheid politics from a young age. His parents had placed an emphasis on the importance of education as the only means to a career and some level of independence. Jucks suggests: “Biko’s pursuit of education suggests that early influences, notably that of his parents, and subsequently that of his teachers, consistently supported education as a promising means toward a better life and, presumably, the gradual transformation of society ”. Biko was expelled from his first school in Lovedale for what was called ‘anti-establishment’ behaviour. Despite the Lovedale school being one of those under Verwoerd’s Bantu Education, Biko was increasingly exposed to a worldview or an ideology that promoted the importance of education. It is suggested that his expulsion from Lovedale contributed to his political orientation and resulted in his resentment of oppressive white authority .
Juckes, J.T. Opposition in South Africa: The leadership of Z.K. Matthews, Nelson Mandela, and Stephen Biko (USA, 1995), p. 119
Ibid., p. 121.
Showing posts with label Apartheid. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Apartheid. Show all posts
Monday, May 21, 2007
Black Rugby in Fingo Village and Grahamstown
, 
The Wanderers 1st team. 1903
Milton Roxo
Milton Roxo described the hardships that faced the players, ‘We had to play on ground that was hard as tar and covered with rocks and stones.’ This was obviously extremely dangerous and painful for the players, but he said that it didn’t matter as their love for the game was more important.
Clubs struggled to generate enough funds to buy balls and Jerseys. Facilities were also a problem, the fields were in poor condition as mentioned earlier and one field, the egazini field sloped so badly that when players were tackled to the ground, they often rolled down the slope. Clearing the fields of the stones and gravel was a community effort and they would often clear them with their own farming equipment. Another significant field was the one in Tantyi Township. This field was situated on a mound and the supporters often had to run onto the field to see what was happening on the opposite side.
The Old Easter Festival was originally started from a rugby tournament where local black teams from Uitenhage, Port Elizabeth, King Williamstown, Queenstown and others would come to Grahamstown to play rugby. The players would approach the Principal from the local schools, in particular the ones in Fingo and ask for accommodation and the Principal would give them classrooms to sleep in. The festival usually lasted from Friday to Monday.
They would play on many fields, Egazini, Foley’s field, at Fingo, Tantyi and Joza. It was common practice for each club to enter three teams, who would all play in their respective leagues. Each team brought its crowd of supporters, and they would wear the colour of their team. The wanderers had a maroon blazer with a lion emblem, the Easterns had a purple jersey with a white stripe and the Lily White’s had a dark blue jersey.
Mr. Curnick Mdyesha, a cousin of the previously mentioned, Milton Roxo, was President of the Wanderers in 1945, President of the Grahamstown Rugby Board, E.P. black rugby ad the black Springbok team at the time, who toured England and Australia. He spoke about the Easter Festival,
Grahamstown has always had a strong tradition of Rugby, mainly due to its number of schools and Rhodes University. However the history of black rugby has been largely ignored due to the political situation in the past.
When rugby first became popular among black South Africans towards the end of the twentieth century it played the role of keeping young people busy and off the streets. Rugby was a white-dominated game at this time, and most of the players achieved high social status and recognition.
The Beginnings.
Bush Manana was a Grahamstown resident who played rugby in Port Elizabeth and was instrumental in bringing the game to the township. The interest in the game grew and they would go and watch matches, for example Kingswood and St Andrews. This was an effective way of learning the rules and how it was played. Men from the township who wanted to play would gather on the fields outside St Phillips church and the resident Father Crabtree who was originally from England coached them. They eventually formed a side called Winter Rose in the 1890s which was the 1st Black Rugby Football Club in Grahamstown. This team was comprised of mainly local teachers from the township, because of their education they picked up the rules of the game very quickly.
During the 1880s St Andrew’s College began a policy of separating black and white students, this was due to Government segregation legislation and as a result blacks were no longer allowed to play rugby against St Andrews teams. This led to the formation in 1894 of Lilly White Rugby Football Club in 1894. So called because a female at teacher at St Andrews was s supportive of the idea. Another club was formed at this time as a result of watching the Winter Rose players. This team is most relevant to my project as they came from Fingo Village and were called The Wanderers. They were established in 1903. There emblem was a Lion to symbolize Ferocity. The Wanderers were a very strong team, wining many matches. They were also apparently all musicians which set them aside from other teams.
When rugby first became popular among black South Africans towards the end of the twentieth century it played the role of keeping young people busy and off the streets. Rugby was a white-dominated game at this time, and most of the players achieved high social status and recognition.
The Beginnings.
Bush Manana was a Grahamstown resident who played rugby in Port Elizabeth and was instrumental in bringing the game to the township. The interest in the game grew and they would go and watch matches, for example Kingswood and St Andrews. This was an effective way of learning the rules and how it was played. Men from the township who wanted to play would gather on the fields outside St Phillips church and the resident Father Crabtree who was originally from England coached them. They eventually formed a side called Winter Rose in the 1890s which was the 1st Black Rugby Football Club in Grahamstown. This team was comprised of mainly local teachers from the township, because of their education they picked up the rules of the game very quickly.
During the 1880s St Andrew’s College began a policy of separating black and white students, this was due to Government segregation legislation and as a result blacks were no longer allowed to play rugby against St Andrews teams. This led to the formation in 1894 of Lilly White Rugby Football Club in 1894. So called because a female at teacher at St Andrews was s supportive of the idea. Another club was formed at this time as a result of watching the Winter Rose players. This team is most relevant to my project as they came from Fingo Village and were called The Wanderers. They were established in 1903. There emblem was a Lion to symbolize Ferocity. The Wanderers were a very strong team, wining many matches. They were also apparently all musicians which set them aside from other teams.
The Wanderers 1st team. 1903
The Wanderers 1st team 1948
In 1904 the Winter Rose side played their reserve side who eventually won the match 5-3, because of this success they decided to break away and form their own side, Easterns Rugby Football Club. An important figure head of Grahamstown Rugby, Milton 'Babs’ Roxo was a player of this team. When interviewed, he said how they used to go and watch the white schools rugby teams and name themselves after the best players. He has been watching Kingswood play since 1931!
Milton RoxoIt is important to understand the importance of Black Rugby; it was more than simply a form of recreation. Dr Manona described black rugby in Grahamstown as something which ‘humanized peoples lives; making life in the townships worth living.’
It was crucial in the community, bringing everyone together,
‘Even women were involved to an extent. Although they didn’t exactly play the game, they were still ‘members; of the various clubs. They were responsible for fund raising, providing food at team meetings, as well as support the matches.’ Dr Manona.
It was crucial in the community, bringing everyone together,
‘Even women were involved to an extent. Although they didn’t exactly play the game, they were still ‘members; of the various clubs. They were responsible for fund raising, providing food at team meetings, as well as support the matches.’ Dr Manona.
Milton Roxo described the hardships that faced the players, ‘We had to play on ground that was hard as tar and covered with rocks and stones.’ This was obviously extremely dangerous and painful for the players, but he said that it didn’t matter as their love for the game was more important.
Clubs struggled to generate enough funds to buy balls and Jerseys. Facilities were also a problem, the fields were in poor condition as mentioned earlier and one field, the egazini field sloped so badly that when players were tackled to the ground, they often rolled down the slope. Clearing the fields of the stones and gravel was a community effort and they would often clear them with their own farming equipment. Another significant field was the one in Tantyi Township. This field was situated on a mound and the supporters often had to run onto the field to see what was happening on the opposite side.
The Old Easter Festival was originally started from a rugby tournament where local black teams from Uitenhage, Port Elizabeth, King Williamstown, Queenstown and others would come to Grahamstown to play rugby. The players would approach the Principal from the local schools, in particular the ones in Fingo and ask for accommodation and the Principal would give them classrooms to sleep in. The festival usually lasted from Friday to Monday.
They would play on many fields, Egazini, Foley’s field, at Fingo, Tantyi and Joza. It was common practice for each club to enter three teams, who would all play in their respective leagues. Each team brought its crowd of supporters, and they would wear the colour of their team. The wanderers had a maroon blazer with a lion emblem, the Easterns had a purple jersey with a white stripe and the Lily White’s had a dark blue jersey.
Mr. Curnick Mdyesha, a cousin of the previously mentioned, Milton Roxo, was President of the Wanderers in 1945, President of the Grahamstown Rugby Board, E.P. black rugby ad the black Springbok team at the time, who toured England and Australia. He spoke about the Easter Festival,
‘Women wore headgears, blouses and skirts- whose would have the colour of their clubs. For men, blazers, ties and shirts showed the colours of their club. The general public would parade their best clothes in the colours of their club. Ordinary citizens would put on their best clothes for the day.’ Curnick Mdyesha
‘As a player, we used to really enjoy the camaraderie the skills, the friendship and generally the relationships with the people from other areas. Rugby was played in a fine spirit in the festival and was different from what you play for a trophy. This was a demonstration of free rugby- we enjoyed visitors, playing in front of visitors the gay spirit that went around, and the people dressed up and applauded. The whole thing was a really wonderful activity.’ Curnick Mdyesha
The festival started to suffer pressure during the mid 70s due to the emergence of professionalism which as a result saw the focus of the rugby during the Festival shift more towards a profiteering approach.
‘….With the advent of professional soccer in TV, with people getting money and the exposure of big teams everybody started switching to soccer.’ – Curnick Mdyesha.
Milton Roxo commented how the best fields were given to soccer players as the popularity of soccer grew. This was problematic for the teams as it gave rise to a new sport that encouraged professionalism, as did Rugby under new unions. This professionalism meant that clubs needed income to support their teams and this led to paid entrance to games. The jovial, unrestricted atmosphere was replaced by one of profit making. When stadiums were opened it saw the end of the ‘festival’ open field rugby and was a regulated way of collecting money from the spectators.
‘When we later had an enclosed stadium people would charge admission, and the clubs would share that money…so that now, the emphasis switched from being purely a cultural thing for enjoyment to being something for collecting funds.’ Curnick Mdyesha.
This is a list of some of the Grahamstown Black Rugby players who made special contributions to the sport:
‘As a player, we used to really enjoy the camaraderie the skills, the friendship and generally the relationships with the people from other areas. Rugby was played in a fine spirit in the festival and was different from what you play for a trophy. This was a demonstration of free rugby- we enjoyed visitors, playing in front of visitors the gay spirit that went around, and the people dressed up and applauded. The whole thing was a really wonderful activity.’ Curnick Mdyesha
The festival started to suffer pressure during the mid 70s due to the emergence of professionalism which as a result saw the focus of the rugby during the Festival shift more towards a profiteering approach.
‘….With the advent of professional soccer in TV, with people getting money and the exposure of big teams everybody started switching to soccer.’ – Curnick Mdyesha.
Milton Roxo commented how the best fields were given to soccer players as the popularity of soccer grew. This was problematic for the teams as it gave rise to a new sport that encouraged professionalism, as did Rugby under new unions. This professionalism meant that clubs needed income to support their teams and this led to paid entrance to games. The jovial, unrestricted atmosphere was replaced by one of profit making. When stadiums were opened it saw the end of the ‘festival’ open field rugby and was a regulated way of collecting money from the spectators.
‘When we later had an enclosed stadium people would charge admission, and the clubs would share that money…so that now, the emphasis switched from being purely a cultural thing for enjoyment to being something for collecting funds.’ Curnick Mdyesha.
This is a list of some of the Grahamstown Black Rugby players who made special contributions to the sport:
• Curnick Mdyesha of the Wanderers team. President of Wanderers, President of Eastern Province side and Black South African Side.
• Milton ‘Babs’ Roxo of the Eastern Rugby Football Club. Played Utility back. Very strong player and went on to be a selector for Grahamstown and Eastern Province.
• Llewellyn Sunday Maquande – Well built and Robust Forward and went on to play for the black Springboks.
• Duan Hani from Lilly White, went on to play for the Black Springboks
• Khuselo Faku of Eastern R.F.C and fly-half Dodo Planga both played for eight consecutive seasons during the 50s and 60s.
• J.D.Dlepi An excellent player. Was President of Grahamstown Rugby and Wanderers. According to Milton Roxo, ‘Whenever there was nothing to do and rugby stopped, he would get everyone together and make them play. He selected for Eastern Province for many years.
These teams are still playing now and with improved government support and funding since the end of Apartheid the game is thriving in the Township. Let’s hope things continue this way so as to provide many more years of Black rugby history.
Egazini Field where they now play rugby.
Sunday, May 20, 2007
Freedom and Fire
The original buildings that made up the Native Secondary School are nowhere on this blog. We were unable to locate archived images of the school. At Nathaniel Nyaluza Public Secondary School today, the oldest buildings date to the mid-1980s when the school was rebuilt after it was destroyed by fire during a student protest.
Students at Nyaluza found themselves at the centre of resistance to apartheid in Grahamstown during the late seventies and eighties. The Fingo high school was particularly affected by student boycotts. Some Nyaluza students were leaders in COSAS, and many more began, in this period, to be politically active.
A timeline of Student Action at Nathaniel Nyaluza Public Secondary School, and other high schools in the Grahamstown township:
1975
Nyaluza students staged a sit-in, refusing to sit their mid-year exams.
Only sixteen students sat for their Matriculation exams.
1977
Nyaluza students participated in marches against Bantu Education.
1980
Students from Ntsika and Nyaluza secondary schools initiated a boycott, which was ended at Mary Waters High School in May.
Government-appointed "Peacemakers" engaged in open aggression with the students.
1984
Students from Ntsika drafted a list of demands; including elected SRCs, curriculum reform and an end to corporal punishment in schools.
New boycotts were called, in honour of Steve Biko, and in response to the issue of police brutality.
Nyaluza students participated in a 500-strong, student led march from Joza to Fingo.
Attendance at Grahamstown schools dropped below 30%.
1985
The government declared a State of Emergency in Grahamstown in July.
Fingo village became subject to a curfew between 10pm and 4am.
Residents of the Grahamstown townships met, and lodged a list of 33 demands to the Government - four of these issues were centred on education.
(all of the information contained in the timeline was drawn from the first two chapters of Ryota Nishino's Honours thesis:
Ryota Nishino, 'The Dynamics of School Protests: Grahamstown School Boycotts c.1984-1987' Submitted to the History Department, Rhodes University, South Africa, in partial fulfilment of the requirements of a BA (Hons) degree in History, Rhodes University, 1999)
The beginnings of a Secondary School
Nathaniel Nyaluza Public Secondary School, in Fingo Village, was the first high school in Grahamstown dedicated to the education of black students. Known only as the 'Native Secondary School', the establishment of Nathaniel Nyaluza was the initiative of the Grahamstown Joint Council of Europeans and Natives. The minutes of the executive meetings between 1936 and 1938, when the school opened its doors, detail the long and involved process of finding and acquiring a suitable location, constructing buildings, and the endless task of fund-raising.
(From the minutes of the executive council, Grahamstown Joint Council of Europeans and Natives)
17th November 1936:
"Arrangements were left in the hands of the Chairman, Secretary and ---, together with ---, who informed the meeting that another concert was to be arranged in the Location for secondary school funds."
Besides staging concerts, the Joint Committee solicited donations and won the support of the local school to reduce running costs.
The decision to establish the Native Secondary School was a progressive step at a time when the advantages and disadvantages of so-called "Native Education" were being widely debated. A speaker addressing the executive of the Joint Committee raised three main objections to "educating the native":
"He becomes cheeky - but that is due only to the wrong type of education. He will compete with Europeans - but wth education his standard of living will be raised. Education is not needed for his work - but then what of the education of those Europeans who do similar work in England?"
(From the minutes of the executive council, Grahamstown Joint Council of Europeans and Natives)
20 April 1937
The Nathaniel Nyaluza school was never intended to provide the kind of education open to students in 'white' Grahamstown. After 1955, the Native Secondary School fell within the mandate of the Department of Education and Training, under the Bantu Education Act 1953, further limiting the scope of the curriculum. However, Nyaluza was still the first black secondary school in Grahamstown. Whatever limitations it did suffer, the establishment and continued operation of the school provided - and provides! - opportunites for further education to the youth of Fingo Village and the surrounding locations.
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